ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
In vitro Plant Regeneration of Helianthus Annuus (Hyb. Azargol) From Alginate-Encapsulated Shoot Tips for Short Term Storage, Germplasm Exchange and Distribution
The present study demonstrates the potential of nutrient-alginate encapsulation of shoot tips of sunflower, Helianthus annuus (hyb. Azargol) for synthetic seed technology, which could be useful in germplasm distribution and exchange. Shoot tips from in vitro shoot cultures derived from mature seed explants were encapsulated in 3% sodium alginate and 100 mM CaCl2. 2H2O are supplemented with three different matrices (include distilled water, liquid MS medium and plant growth regulators) and they are stored for several periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) at 4°C. After each storage period for regeneration and regrowth evaluation, encapsulated and non-encapsulated shoot tips were cultured on hormone-free MS medium. The regrowth ability of encapsulated shoot tips affected by the storage duration and the presence or absence of MS nutrients in calcium alginate beads. Percentage response for the conversion of encapsulated and non-encapsulated shoot tips decreased gradually after storage at 4°C by increasing storage durations. Indeed, encapsulated vegetative propagules showed a higher resistance to storage at 4°C than non-encapsulated. Addition of MS nutrients in calcium alginate beads significantly improved encapsulated explants regrowth after storage periods.
https://www.jpmb-gabit.ir/article_25529_f33683542de1d9a36aa5f9a3ded58c32.pdf
2016-12-01
1
8
10.22058/jpmb.2016.25529
encapsulation
Germplasm
Helianthus annuus
Shoot tips
Synthetic seeds
Soheila
Moradi
moradi_s998@ymail.com
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Azimi
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fariborz
Habibi
3
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Saied Saeed
Pourdad
4
Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Sararood, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of Iranian Apricot Cultivars Resistant, Susceptible and Mutant to Late Spring Frost
Apricot is grown in a wide range of climatic conditions in Iran, however, it is frequently damaged by late spring frost. In this case, identification of new genotypes tolerant to cold stress is indispensably needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic population and relationships among 27 apricot accessions (Prunus armeniaca) by 30 microsatellite markers and 11 morphological traits. Based on the PIC values, the SSR loci (UDP96001, UDP96003, UDP98412 and UDP98411) were the most informative markers. The morphological traits were categorized into three components which explained 91.23% of total variation. The two-dimensional PCA plot exhibited that the highest degree of fruit quality and quantity belonged to the susceptible cultivar of Shahrood 48 which showed to be the favorable parent for the production of resistant mutants with high value of fruit traits to late spring frost. Moreover, the close relatedness of Shahrood 48 and its mutants according to the molecular analyses (including a Bayesian clustering approach and a Partial repeated bisection) confirmed the results of fruit traits analysis. The findings suggest that the wide diversity present in Iranian apricot genotypes could be used as a genetic resource for conservation and development of new cultivars resistant to late spring frost and for designing further apricot breeding programs. The promising new mutant genotypes tolerant to cold stress will be evaluated based on morphological markers in further breeding studies.
https://www.jpmb-gabit.ir/article_25530_74ee1632a4322ccdae7e256af08f723a.pdf
2016-12-01
9
16
10.22058/jpmb.2016.25530
Prunus
Cold stress
SSR marker
Late spring frost
Zeinab
Nazemi
1
Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Payam e Noor University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrshad
Zeinolabedini
mzeinolabedini@abrii.ac.ir
2
System Biology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Taher
Hallajian
3
Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Naser
Bouzari
4
Horticultural Section, Stone Fruit Research Group, Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of Karaj (SPII), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Parastoo
Majidian
5
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Ebrahimi
ebrahimi_mpn@yahoo.com
6
Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Payam e Noor University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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41
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42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Evaluation of Genomic Relationships and Diversity of Wild and Cultivated Wheats Possessing A Genome in Different Ploidy Levels Using SSR Markers
Genomic relationships and diversity of 37 wild and cultivated wheat (Triticum sp.) possessing A genome include four T. urartu (Au), thirteen wild einkorn (Am), four cultivated einkorn (Am), seven durum wheat (BBAuAu), three T. zhukovskyi (AtAtAmAmGG) and six common wheat (BBAuAuDD) were evaluated by simple sequence repeats (SSR) analysis. Genetic distance was calculated by Nei and Li using UPGMA for construct phylogenetic tree. 24 out of 35 primer pairs amplified and 22 pairs produced polymorphic amplicons (109 alleles). The highest amplified fragments (11 alleles) and polymorphism information content (0.90) was for Xgwm165-4A locus. The highest and the lowest genetic distance within groups for T. urartu and T. zhukovskyi were 0.86 and 0.55, respectively. The most similarity was between T. urartu and wild einkorn species (0.009). The highest dissimilarity observed between cultivated einkorn and common wheat,although T. urartu was more close to durum and common wheat than other diploid species.
https://www.jpmb-gabit.ir/article_25531_2ec599dc56f9658c56846e23a0e32170.pdf
2016-12-01
17
25
10.22058/jpmb.2016.25531
Triticum
A genome
genetic relationships
SSR
Hadi
Kharestani
kharestanihadi982@gmail.com
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asqar
Nasrolah Nejad Qomi
2
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Ashraf
Mehrabi
3
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
AUTHOR
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identification of Linked Markers for Delayed Fruit Ripening in Tomato Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop and acts as model plant for fruit development studies. Besides that, post-harvest damage is a devastating phenomenon often associated with ripening process in tomato which in turn leads to greater yield loss. Understanding the genetics, molecular and biochemical pathways is the key to overcome the existing situation. In the present study, we have identified a delayed ripening mutant and used in identification of linked marker for delayed fruit ripening. Initially, BML-03 (delayed ripening mutant line) was crossed with BIL-29 (normal ripening inbred line) to produce F2 population. Bulked segregate analysis was carried out using 245 SSR markers. Out of which, five SSRs were found to be polymorphic between parental lines and respective bulks along with a segregating genotype of mapping population. A population of 227 F2 plants was screened with five polymorphic SSR markers and the data were used in linkage analysis. Three SSR markers were found to be co-segregating with the delayed ripening phenotype and resulted in a linkage map which covered the map distance of 3.4 cM. Out of 3 markers TGS0070 was found to be closely linked to the fruit ripening locus and was successfully validated using other ripening specific F2 population BML-28 x BIL-3.
https://www.jpmb-gabit.ir/article_25532_0c7e72df7591c7b3b33ab2fe240182a5.pdf
2016-12-01
26
32
10.22058/jpmb.2016.25532
Marker validation
MapDisto 1.7.7.0.1.1 (XL2007)
Molecular mapping
SSR
Tomato fruit ripening
Pavan Kumar
Velpula
pavank.velpula@gmail.com
1
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India 2 Bioseed Research India, Agribusiness Innovation Park, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Dwarkesh Singh
Parihar
2
Bioseed Research India, Agribusiness Innovation Park, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
AUTHOR
Rajasekhar
Pinnamaneni
3
Deptartment. of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, India
AUTHOR
Areshchenkova T, Ganal MW (2002) Comparative analysis of polymorphism and chromosomal location of tomato microsatellite markers isolated from different sources. Theor Appl Genet 104:229–235.
1
Barry CS, McQuinn RP, Thompson AJ (2005) Ethylene insensitivity conferred by the Green-ripe and Never-ripe 2 ripening mutants of tomato. Plant Physiol 138:267–275.
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Bentler PM, Bonnett DG (1980) Significance tests and goodness of fit in the anlaysis of covariance structures. Psychol Bull 88:588–606.
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4
Chapman NH, Bonnet J, Grivet L (2012) High-Resolution Mapping of a Fruit Firmness-Related Quantitative Trait Locus in Tomato Reveals Epistatic Interactions Associated with a Complex Combinatorial Locus. Plant Physiol 159:1644–1657.
5
Doganlar S, Tanksley SD, Mutschler MA (2000) Identification and molecular mapping of loci controlling fruit ripening time in tomato. TAG Theor. Appl. Genet. 100:249–255.
6
Foolad MR (2007) Genome mapping and molecular breeding of tomato. Int J Plant Genomics.
7
Giovannoni, J. (2001) Molecular biology of fruit maturation and ripening. Annual review of plant biology, 52(1), 725-749.
8
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10
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11
Klee HJ, Giovannoni JJ (2011) Genetics and Control of Tomato Fruit Ripening and Quality Attributes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 45:41–59.
12
Liu X, You J, Guo L (2011) Genetic Analysis of Segregation Distortion of SSR Markers in F2 Population of Barley. J Agric Sci 3:172–177.
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Lorieux M (2012) MapDisto: Fast and efficient computation of genetic linkage maps. Mol Breed 30:1231–1235.
14
Martel C, Vrebalov J, Tafelmeyer P, Giovannoni JJ (2011) The Tomato MADS-Box Transcription Factor RIPENING INHIBITOR Interacts with Promoters Involved in Numerous Ripening Processes in a COLORLESS NONRIPENING-Dependent Manner. PLANT Physiol. 157:1568–1579.
15
Moore S, Vrebalov J, Payton P, Giovannoni J (2002) Use of genomics tools to isolate key ripening genes and analyse fruit maturation in tomato. J Exp Bot 53:2023–2030.
16
Motamedzadegan A, Tabarestani HS (2011) Tomato Processing, Quality, and Nutrition. In: Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing. pp 739–757
17
Passam HC, Karapanos IC, Bebeli PJ, Savvas D (2007) A review of recent research on tomato nutrition, breeding and post-harvest technology with reference to fruit quality. Eur J Plant Sci Biotechnol 1 (1):1–21.
18
Semel Y, Nissenbaum J, Menda N (2006) Overdominant quantitative trait loci for yield and fitness in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12981–12986.
19
Shirasawa K, Asamizu E, Fukuoka H (2010) An interspecific linkage map of SSR and intronic polymorphism markers in tomato. Theor Appl Genet 121:731–739.
20
Tanksley SD, Ganal MW, Prince JP (1992) High density molecular linkage maps of the tomato and potato genomes. Genetics 132:1141–1160.
21
Van Der Knaap E, Tanksley SD (2001) Identification and characterization of a novel locus controlling early fruit development in tomato. Theor Appl Genet 103:353–358.
22
Zhang LP, Khan A, Niño-Liu D, Foolad MR (2002) A molecular linkage map of tomato displaying chromosomal locations of resistance gene analogs based on a Lycopersicon esculentum x Lycopersicon hirsutum cross. Genome 45:133–46.
23
Zhang M, Yuan B, Leng P (2009) The role of ABA in triggering ethylene biosynthesis and ripening of tomato fruit. J Exp Bot 60:1579–1588.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cucumber Response to Sphaerotheca fuliginea: Differences in Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression in Susceptible and Resistant Genotypes
Cucurbits powdery mildew is one of the most detrimental diseases of cucumber plants worldwide. A detailed insight into the biological processes leading to resistance or susceptibility to the pathogen would pave the road for an efficient disease-resistance breeding program. In the present study, the molecular and biochemical responses of a resistant vs. a susceptible cucumber cultivar infected with Sphaerotheca fuliginea were investigated. The alterations in the activity of two antioxidant enzymes i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were analyzed during different time courses. The changing pattern of the expression of PR-8 gene (chitinase class III) was evaluated through qPCR. Results showed that the PR-8 gene expression was raised in the leaves of both cultivars 96 hours post inoculation (hpi), however, with a 6 times higher expression rate in resistant cultivar compared to the susceptible one. The results imply that PR-8 may be a key factor of resistance to the pathogen. For both cultivars, SOD showed similar activity pattern and was raised at the early hours post inoculation and showed a peak 6 hours post inoculation with higher activity in the resistant cultivar. In contrast, CAT showed distinct activity patterns between cultivars and showed comparatively higher activity in the susceptible host. The possible reasons for these differences are discussed. The results of the present work give a more clarified insight into the possible mechanisms behind the resistance to cucumber powdery mildew caused by S. fuliginea.
https://www.jpmb-gabit.ir/article_25533_027ff787fc7b35e863b70d3f9eb5236c.pdf
2016-12-01
33
40
10.22058/jpmb.2016.25533
Cucumber
Chitinase class III
Antioxidant Activity
PR-8 gene
Namdar
Moradi
moradinamdar@gmail.com
1
Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Dehestani
a.dehestani@sanru.ac.ir
2
Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Heshmatollah
Rahimian
rahimian.h@gmail.com
3
Department of Plant Protection, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Valiollah
Babaeizad
v.babaeizad@sanru.ac.ir
4
Department of Plant Protection, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Huang, S., Li, R., Zhang, Z., Li, L., Gu, X., Fan, W., Lucas, W, Wang, X., Xie, B., and Ni, P. 2009. The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nat Genet, 41(12):1275-1281.
1
[2] Lebeda, A., and E. Kristova, 2000. Interaction between morphotypes of Cucurbita pepo and obligate biotrophs (Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Acta Hort, 510:219-229.
2
[3] Rankovic, B. 2003. Powdery mildew fungi (order: Erysiphales) on plants in Montenegro (Chernogoria). Mycol Phytopathol, 37:42-52.
3
[4] McCreight, J.D. 2006. Melon-powdery mildew interactions reveal variation in melon cultigens and Podosphaera xanthii races 1 and 2. J Am Soc Hort Sci, 131:59-65.
4
[5] Hamid, R., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, M.M., Zinul Abdin, M., Musarrat, J. and Javed, S. 2013. Chitinases: An update.J Pharm BioAll Sci, 5(1):21-29.
5
[6] Metraux, J.P. and Boller, T. 1986. Local and systemic induction of chitinase in cucumber plants in response to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Physiol Mol Plant P, 28(2):161-169.
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[7] Balde, J.A., Francisco, R., Queiroz, A., Regalado, A.P., Ricardo, C.P. and Veloso, M.M. 2006. Immunolocalization of a class III chitinase in two muskmelon cultivars reacting differently to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. J Plant Physiol, 163:19-25.
7
[8] Kragh, K.M., Jacobsen, S., Mikkelsen, J.D. and Nielsen, K.A. 1993. Tissue specificity and induction of class I, II and IQ chitinases in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Physiol Plant, 89:490-498.
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[9] Widiastuti, A., Yoshino, M., Hasegawa, M., Nitta, Y. and Sato, T. 2013. Heat shock-induced resistance increases chitinase-1 gene expression and stimulates salicylic acid production in melon (Cucumis melo L.). Physiol Mol Plant P, 82:51-55.
9
[10] Heller, J. and Tudzynski, P. 2011. Reactive oxygen species in phytopathogenic fungi: signaling, development, and disease. Annu Rev Phytopathol, 49:369-390.
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[11] Luhova, L., Lebeda, A., Kutrová, E., Hedererová, D. and Pec, P. 2006. Peroxidase, catalase, amine oxidase and acid phosphatase activities in Pisum sativum during infection with Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. Biol Plant,50:675-682
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[12] Dieng, H., Satho, T., Hassan, A.A., Aziz, A.T., Morales, R.E., Hamid, S.A., Miake, F. and Abubakar, S. 2011. Peroxidase activity after viral infection and white fly infestation in juvenile and mature leaves of Solanum lycopersicum. J Phytopathol, 159:707-712
12
[13] Huckelhoven, R. 2007. Cell wall-associated mechanisms of disease resistance and susceptibility. Annu Rev Phytopathol, 45:101-127.
13
[14] Peng, M. and Kuc, J. 1992. Peroxidase-generated hydrogen peroxide as a source of antifungal activity in vitro and on tobacco leaf disks. Phytopathol, 82:696-699.
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[15] Torres, M.A., Jones, J.D., and Dangl, J.L. 2006. Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol, 141(2):373-378.
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[16] Chen, Z., Silva, H. and Klessig, D.F. 1993. Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. Science, 262:1883-1886.
16
[17] Yao, Z., Rashid, K.Y., Adam, L.R. and Daayf, F. 2011. Verticillium dahliae's VdNEP acts both as a plant defence elicitor and a pathogenicity factor in the interaction with Helianthus annuus. Can J Plant Pathol, 33:375-388.
17
[18] Henriquez, M.A. and Daayf, F. 2012. Alteration of secondary metabolites' profiles in potato leaves in response to weakly and highly aggressive isolates of Phytophthora infestans. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 57:8-14
18
[19] Ray, S., Mondal, S., Chowdhury, S. and Kundu, S. 2015. Differential responses of resistant and susceptible tomato varieties to inoculation with Alternaria solani. Physiol. Mol. Plant P, 90:78-88
19
[20] Maschietto, V., Lanubile, A., DeLeonardis, L., Marocco, A. and Paciolla, C. 2016. Constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzyme activities triggers maize resistance towards Fusarium verticillioides. J Plant Physiol, 200:53-61.
20
[21] Moradi, N., Rahimian, H., Dehestani, A. and Babaeizad, V. 2017. Comparative study of selected cucumber cultivars resistant to powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Plant Cell Biotech. Mol. Biol., 18 :30-38.
21
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[23] Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol, 105:121-126.
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[24] Karasuda, S., Tanaka, S., Kajihara, H., Yamamota, Y. and Koga, D. 2003. Plant chitinase as a possible biocontrol agent for use instead of chemical fungicides. Biosci BiotechBioch, 67(1):221-224
24
[25] Toyoda, H., Matsuda, Y., Yamaga, T., Ikeda, S., Morita, M., Tamai, T. and Ouchi, S. 1991. Suppression of the powdery mildew pathogen by chitinase microinjected into barley coleoptile epidermal cells. Plant Cell Rep, 10 :217-220.
25
[26] Collins, N.C., Thordal-Christensen, H., Lipka, V., Bau, S., Kombrink, E., Qiu, J.L., Huckelhoven, R., Stein, M., Freialdenhoven, A., Somerville, S.C. and Schulze-Lefert, P. 2003. SNARE-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall. Nature, 425:973-977.
26
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[28] Szabo, L.J. and Bushnell, W.R. 2001. Hidden robbers: the role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A, 98:7654-7765.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluating Antibacterial Activity of In Vitro Culture of Ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum) Extract and Comparison with Seed Extract and Essential Oils
Trachyspermum copticum (Apiaceae) is an annual plant which grows in Iran. The fruits of T. copticum (Ajwain) traditionally were used as diuretic, carminative, and antihelmentic. Some biological effects of Ajwain such as antiviral, antifungal and antioxidant activities have been confirmed. The objective of the present investigation was toevaluate the antibacterial activity of extracts of callus and seed and essential oil of Ajwain against some bacterial strains (Pseudomonas viridiflava, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringaeand Escherichia coli).The extracts and essential oil were prepared and the antibacterial activity was evaluated via growth inhibitory zone assay using disc diffusion agar technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was measured by micro broth dilution assay. The results revealed no significant effect for callus extract, however, the effect of seed extract and essential oil on tested bacterial strains was statistically significant. The greatest impact was observed for essential oil and inhibition halo diameter was reported 28.5 mm for P. syringae pv. syringae, MIC and MBC were measured 1.56 and 3.12% v/v, respectively.
https://www.jpmb-gabit.ir/article_25528_5c66674f63767c08eb8236a317b070a9.pdf
2016-12-01
41
46
10.22058/jpmb.2016.25528
Antibacterial activity
Trachyspermum copticum
Callus
Tahereh
Shokrian
taherehshokrian@ut.ac.ir
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Ahmad
Sadat Noori
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ghorban Ali
Nematzadeh
gh.nematzadeh@gmail.com
3
Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Mohammad
Alavi
m.alavi@sanru.ac.ir
4
Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Nwachukwu, E.O. and Umechuruba. C.I. 2001. Antifungal activities of some leaf extracts on seed-borne fungi of African yam bean seeds, seed germination and seedling emergence. Appl J Sci and Enviro. Manag, 5(1):29-32.
1
[2] Evans, W.C. 2002. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. London: W.Saunder’s company Ltd.
2
[3] Zargari, A. 1990. Medicinal plants. Tehran: Tehran 1. University Press.
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[4] Hussein, G.H., Miyashiro, H., Nakamura, N., Hattori, M., Kakiuchi, N. and Shimotohno, K. 2000. Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease. Phytother Res, 14: 510-516.
4
[5] Rasooli, I., Fakoor, M.H., Yadegarinia, D., Gachkar, L., Allameh, A. and Rezaei, M.B. 2008. Antimycotoxigenic characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis and Trachyspermum copticum L. essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol, 122: 135-139.
5
[6] Burt, S. 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in food a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94: 223–253.
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[7] Abd-Alla, M.S., Atalla, K.M. and El-Sawi, M.A.M. 2001. Effect of some plant waste extracts on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Annals Agric. Sci. Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, 46: 579-592.
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[8] Rani, P. and Khullar, N. 2004. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi. phytother res, 18: 670-673
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[9] Ziaratnia, S.M., Ohyama, K., Fattah Hussein, A.A., Muranaka, T., Lall, N., Kunert, K.J. and Meyer, J.J.M. 2009. Isolation and identification of a novel chlorophenol from a cell suspension culture of Helichrysum aureonitens. (CPB), 11:1282-1283.
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[10] Mewis, I., Smetanska, I.M., Muller, C.T. and Ulrichs, C. 2011. Specific poly-phenolic compounds in cell culture of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Gamay Freaux. (ABB), 2: 148-161.
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[13] Simoes-Gurgel, C., Rocha, A.S., Cordeiro, L.S., Gayer, C.R.M., Castro, T.C., Coelho, M.G.P., Albarello N., Mansur, E. and Rosa, A.C.P. 2012. Antibacterial activity of field-grown plants, in vitro propagated plants, callus and cell suspension cultures of Cleome rosea Vahl. (JPR), 5: 3304-3308.
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[14] Haghbeen, K., Pourmolaei, S., Mareftjo, M.J., Mousavi, A., Akbari Noghabi, K., Hosseini Shirazi, F. and Meshkat, A. 2011. Detailed Investigations on the Solid Cell Culture and Antimicrobial Activities of the Iranian Arnebia euchroma. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 4:1-8.
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[16] Shen, X., Chen, J.E. and Kane, M. 2008. Effects of genotype, explant source, and plant growthregulators on indirect shoot organogenesis in Dieffenbachia cultivars In Vitro Cell.Dev. Biol.-Plant, 44:282–288
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[18] Okeke, M.I., Iroegbu, G.U. and Eze. E.N. 2001. Evaluation of extracts of the root of Landolphia Owerrience for antibacterial Activity. Journal of Ethanopharmacology, 78:27-119.
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