Plant molecular physiology & breeding
Mostafa Zibanezhadian; Babak Pakdaman Sardrood; Hengameh Taheri; Mohammad Farkhari
Abstract
Under global warmth conditions, it is expected that tomato yield will reduce due to insect pests and fungal diseases such as fusarium wilt. Using of biological control agents is effective in the control of both groups as regard as an ecofriendly and economically rational practice. Here, Bacillus thuringiensis ...
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Under global warmth conditions, it is expected that tomato yield will reduce due to insect pests and fungal diseases such as fusarium wilt. Using of biological control agents is effective in the control of both groups as regard as an ecofriendly and economically rational practice. Here, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was used to study its capability to prime tomato resistance against fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). Priming of tomato cv. Falat C.H. seedlings was performed at 4-5 leaf stage and leaf samples were analyzed 3, 18, 24, 48 and 72 hours after fungal treatment (hat). The rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and changes in the relative transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were evaluated using qRT-PCR. No significant change was observed in the relative transcription of the CAT gene. The relative transcription of SOD, and GST genes was increased with time in the treated plants compared to control plants. The highest rate of relative transcription of SOD was found at 18 and 24 hat, and for GST at 18 and 72 hat. The increment of genes transcripts was in agreement with the reduced level of H2O2 in Bt-primed plants. These results are in accordance with the effectiveness of Bt in the induction of tomato systemic resistance to the F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.
Plant molecular physiology & breeding
Saeid Navabpour
Abstract
Barley is an important feed grain in many areas such as Canada, Europe and in the U.S. It has also so important for animal feed and has several other usages such as alcohol industry, malt productive and biomass-fuels. The characteristics of physiological and biochemical events during leaf senescence ...
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Barley is an important feed grain in many areas such as Canada, Europe and in the U.S. It has also so important for animal feed and has several other usages such as alcohol industry, malt productive and biomass-fuels. The characteristics of physiological and biochemical events during leaf senescence either flag leaf or other leaves have been investigated in field-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Hordea). The traits included grain yield, chlorophyll and protein levels, CO2 assimilation rate, fluorescence, α-tocopherol and carotenoid levels, cellular oxidative level and chloroplast-encoded gene expression. The result showed significant role of flag leaf in grain yield. The chlorophyll and protein levels decline dramatically during senescence particularly in other levels. This result was quite similar for net CO2 assimilation rate and maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm). This suggests that PSII apparatus remains functional in senescent flag leaf. Two main lipid-soluble antioxidant agents (α-tocopherol and carotenoid) showed significant increase particularly in flag leaf at late senescence stage around 25 days after anthesis, the level of lipid and other macromolecular-derived peroxidation has been measured by TBARM assay. The TBARM levels increased gradually during flag leaf and particularly other leaves senescence. The transcript levels of the chloroplast-encoded psbA decrease during senescence especially in other leaves. However, the transcript level was significantly higher in flag leaf leading to high level of photosynthesis capacity at the molecular level.
Plant molecular physiology & breeding
Azarm Movahedi; Maziar Ahmadi Golsepidi; Mahlagha Ghorbanli; Mehdi Alizadeh; Kamal Ghasemi
Abstract
In the present experiment, the in vitro callus production from tea leaf explants was induced on three different basal media. Then, the efficiency of tea callus proliferation was enhanced through application of thiourea to the proliferation medium. Furthermore, the caffeine and Epigallocatechin Gallate ...
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In the present experiment, the in vitro callus production from tea leaf explants was induced on three different basal media. Then, the efficiency of tea callus proliferation was enhanced through application of thiourea to the proliferation medium. Furthermore, the caffeine and Epigallocatechin Gallate content of the callus and leaf tissues were estimated through HPLC method. The calli mass volume in WPM (woody plant medium) supplemented with thiourea (either 0.1 or 1.0 mM) was significantly higher than other basal media. The callus tissue collected from media enriched with thiourea had significantly more caffeine content but the level of Epigallocatechin Gallate was not statistically affected by thiourea treatments. The amount of these two compounds was also estimated in young and old leaves of the tea mother plants and it was found that the callus tissue had little amount of caffeine and Epigallocatechin Gallate as compared to maternal tissues. It is concluded that, in species with low rate callus proliferation, addition of thiourea to the medium may be followed as an effective and low cost option for callus proliferation improvement.
Plant molecular physiology & breeding
Maryam Mofid Nakhaei; Vahid Abdossi; Ali Dehestani; Hematollah Pirdashti; Valiollah Babaeizad
Abstract
Pythium ultimum is one of the major causative agents responsible for damping off disease in cucumber plants. In the present study, the effect of potassium phosphite (KPhi) on defense response of P. ultimum-inoculated cucumber plants was investigated. Different plant growth parameters as well as chlorophyll ...
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Pythium ultimum is one of the major causative agents responsible for damping off disease in cucumber plants. In the present study, the effect of potassium phosphite (KPhi) on defense response of P. ultimum-inoculated cucumber plants was investigated. Different plant growth parameters as well as chlorophyll a content were studied to evaluate the healing effects of KPhi. Furthermore, the expression pattern changes of a pathogenesis-related chitinase gene was analyzed via qPCR. Results revealed that KPhi treatment significantly increased growth parameters i.e. shoot length, diameter and mean leaf number in cucumber seedlings. KPhi treatment at 1 and 4 gL-1 caused 31.37% and 94.48% increase in shoot diameter respectively compared to control plants while shoot length of plant treated with 1 and 4 gL-1 KPhi were increased 72.14% and 78.85%, respectively compared to control plants. The chlorophyll a content as well as plant leaf number was significantly increased in plants treated with 1 or 4 gL-1 KPhi compared to control plants. It was interestingly revealed that KPhi application decreased Chitinase gene expression compared to control plants. The findings of the present study would be implemented for designing a controlling strategy to decrease the adverse effect of P. ultimum on cucumber plants.
Plant molecular physiology & breeding
Fatemeh Khosravi; Shahrokh Gharanjik; Ali Dehestani
Abstract
Phytophthora species are considered as the major cause of several plant diseases resulting in huge yield losses in agricultural crops. Despite years of effort to develop Phytophthora resistance varieties, there is no reports of a resistant cucumber variety. In this study, the effect of concomitant application ...
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Phytophthora species are considered as the major cause of several plant diseases resulting in huge yield losses in agricultural crops. Despite years of effort to develop Phytophthora resistance varieties, there is no reports of a resistant cucumber variety. In this study, the effect of concomitant application of potassium phosphite (KPhi) and chitosan on some physiological and molecular responses of Phytophthora capsici-challenged cucumber plants were investigated. Cucumber plants were treated with KPhi and/or Chitosan at different concentrations and were then inoculated with zoospores of P. capsici and leaf samples were collected at different time courses. Results showed that Guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD) enzymatic activity surged immediately at first and second days after pathogen inoculation with a peak in plants treated with 4 gL-1 KPhi 2 days after inoculation. Compared to GPOD, the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in the same treatment but later at 5 days after inoculation. It was indicated that the activity of antioxidant enzymes was greatly influenced by application of either KPhi or chitosan while their activity was not remarkably enhanced in control plants. qPCR analysis revealed that the highest increase in glutathione peroxidase (gpx) gene expression was achieved in plants concomitantly treated with 4 gL-1 KPhi and 200 mgL-1 chitosan 5 days after inoculation. The findings of this study provide novel information regarding inducing mechanisms of KPhi and chitosan which may be effective in mitigating disease severity.
Plant molecular physiology & breeding
Babak Delnavaz Hashemloian; Azra Ataei Azimi
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a source of edible oil and fatty acids (FAs). In this study, embryos’ explants were cultured in MS medium with different concentration of plant growth regulators (phytohormones) include BA, IAA, IBA, 2, 4- D and NAA, to finding the relationship of hormone ...
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a source of edible oil and fatty acids (FAs). In this study, embryos’ explants were cultured in MS medium with different concentration of plant growth regulators (phytohormones) include BA, IAA, IBA, 2, 4- D and NAA, to finding the relationship of hormone and organogenesis with oil and FAs content. Oil was extracted with chloroform and methanol. FAs of oil were esterificated and methylated for GC-MS analysis. The seeds and shoots oil were 36.1 and 4.5%. Oil of regenerated shoots (33.3%) in T2 with 0.25 BA and 5 mgl-1 IAA was higher than to seeds, shoots and all regenerated organs.Unsaturated FAs increased in some treatments depending on the type of phytohormone and organogenesis. Amounts of all FAs of regenerated root of T4 in BA/IBA were lesser than to other samples. Our results showed that Sahel cultivar of cotton can synthesize 12 types of FAs, but some of those FAs are made under certain conditions depending on the type and concentration of phytohormones and organogenesis.
Plant breeding for abiotic & biotic stresses
Behrouz Barzegargolchini; Ali Movafeghi; Ali Dehestani; Pooyan Mehrabanjoubani
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important agricultural issues causing considerable yield reduction in agricultural crops. The main adverse effects of salinity are due to excess amount of sodium ions that is toxic to plant cells. Most halophytes are equipped with defense mechanisms enabling them to tolerate ...
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Salinity is one of the most important agricultural issues causing considerable yield reduction in agricultural crops. The main adverse effects of salinity are due to excess amount of sodium ions that is toxic to plant cells. Most halophytes are equipped with defense mechanisms enabling them to tolerate the salty habitats. Among grass plants, Aeluropus littoralis is a known monocots halophyte that can tolerate harsh saline conditions. In this study, salt treatment was applied in three levels of 0, 200 and 400 mM NaCl after 45 days and biological samples were collected at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT). For microscopic analysis, the tissues were cross-sectioned and stained using methylene blue for lignified tissues and Congo red for cellulosic tissues. The amounts of Na+ and K+ were measured by flame photometer and the content of lignin was measured by polymeric thioglycolic acid derivatives method. The results showed that the amount of Na+ increased 13-fold, while the stem length, stem diameter, vascular bundle number, metaxylem diameter, phloem diameter, K+, fresh weight and dry weight decreased significantly by 35%, 48%, 59%, 19%, 25%, 45%, 64% and 55% under salt treatment, respectively. The amount of lignin in stem did not significantly change under salinity. According to these results, A. littoralis can tolerate saline habitats by different adaptation strategies like the limitation of minerals transition and reduction of plant biomass. Furthermore, the concentration of lignin in metaxylem tissues and stele parenchyma led to increased resistance of halophytes in excess amounts of Na+.
Plant molecular physiology & breeding
Ghasemali Garoosi; Moharram-ali Delijam; Esmaeil Nezami-Alanagh; Ramin Hosseini
Abstract
A complete micropropagation protocol was developed for Pistacia vera cv. Ghazvini, an important rootstock in Pistachio orchards in Iran. In present study, the efficiency of a new medium called GNH (Garoosi, Nezami and Haddad) was investigated against some standard media. Different vitamins, calcium (Ca) ...
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A complete micropropagation protocol was developed for Pistacia vera cv. Ghazvini, an important rootstock in Pistachio orchards in Iran. In present study, the efficiency of a new medium called GNH (Garoosi, Nezami and Haddad) was investigated against some standard media. Different vitamins, calcium (Ca) sources and plant growth regulators (PGRs) were tested on in vitro shoot multiplication and root induction. Results indicated that mean number of shoots (4.25 ± 0.25), and productivity (69.87 ± 9.19 mm) increased significantly when GNH medium formed the basal medium, compared to the standard media including Murashige and Skoog medium (MS), Juglans Medium (DKW), and McCown Woody Plant Medium (WPM). The most suitable concentration Ca and vitamin sources for shoot multiplication were 3.0 mM Ca gluconate and DKW-vitamins. The most suitable PGRs were a combination of 0.5 or 1.0 mg l-1 BAP and 0.1 mg l-1 IBA. The highest rooting parameters were obtained when 3.0 mM Ca gluconate or Fe-EDDHA (with 0.2 mM Fe) were incorporated into the GNH medium containing 2.0 mg l-1 α-naphthalenacetic acid (NAA). Finally, nearly 70% of the plantlets survived acclimatization in the greenhouse. The results suggested the GNH medium (supplemented with Ca gluconate and DKW-vitamins), as a considerable and specific medium for the rapid micropropagation of Pistacia vera cv. Ghazvini.
Plant breeding for abiotic & biotic stresses
Masoud Fakhrfeshani; Farajollah Shahriari-Ahmadi; Ali Niazi; Nasrin Moshtaghi; Mohammad Zare-Mehrjerdi
Abstract
Among abiotic stresses, salinity has been increasing over the time for many reasons like using chemical fertilizers, global warming and rising sea levels. Under salinity stress, the loss of water availability, toxicity of Na+ and ion imbalance directly reduces carbon fixation and biomass production in ...
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Among abiotic stresses, salinity has been increasing over the time for many reasons like using chemical fertilizers, global warming and rising sea levels. Under salinity stress, the loss of water availability, toxicity of Na+ and ion imbalance directly reduces carbon fixation and biomass production in plants. K+ is a major agent that can counteract Na+ stresses, thus the potential of plants to tolerate salinity is strongly dependent on their potassium nutrition. HKTs (High-affinity K+ Transporters) are a family of transporters that mediate Na+-specific or Na+-K+ transport and play a key role in the regulation of ion homeostasis. In this study, we intended to focus on Electrolyte Leakage, ratio of K+/Na+, transcriptomic responses of a subclass two HKT in the roots of Aeluropus littoralis under salt stress. We investigated a noticeably different expression pattern over studied time points and found a snappy increase of AlHKT and rebalance of K+ concentration. It can be suggested that the early and high response of a Na+-K+ coupled transporter acted as a part of A. littoralis salt tolerance.