Micropropagation & plant breeding
Mina Kazemian; Vali Ollah Ghasemi Omran; Elham Mohajel Kazemi; Maryam Kolahi
Abstract
The mutation in the meristem layers creates different genetic backgrounds (chimera) in the plant tissue. The mutation in L1 layer of shoot apical meristem generates a periclinal chimera. UF3GT is an effective enzyme in floral coloration, inducing anthocyanin accumulation in petals. This study investigates ...
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The mutation in the meristem layers creates different genetic backgrounds (chimera) in the plant tissue. The mutation in L1 layer of shoot apical meristem generates a periclinal chimera. UF3GT is an effective enzyme in floral coloration, inducing anthocyanin accumulation in petals. This study investigates direct and indirect regeneration systems and different explants to propagate two cultivars of periclinal chimera (Saintpaulia ionantha), namely Taro taraneh and Aghaz, using in vitro culture. The evaluation of UF3GT gene expression pattern by Real-Time PCR revealed the role of anthocyanin accumulation in the petal coloration of chimera plants. Results pertaining to both cultivars showed that inflorescence and leaf explant had the highest and lowest percentage of pinwheel phenotype, respectively. In addition, mutant characteristics were faded in the leaf regeneration of periclinal chimera. Furthermore, the highest percentage of periclinal chimera was generated in direct regeneration. Gene expression analysis revealed that UF3GT was expressed in the colorful part of chimera petal, while UF3GT expression was significantly reduced in the muted part. HPLC chromatogram also detected that cyanidin and delphinidin components were not present in the white part of either cultivar. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway appears to be blocked and anthocyanin accumulation does not occur in the petals. Inflorescence is likely to induce a pinwheel pattern in regenerated plants, probably owing to its lateral bud. It seems that different meristem layers are associated with the formation of epidermis and induce pinwheel phenotype.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Mohammad Abdoli; Nooshin Koolivand; Arash Babaei
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a protocol for root induction and evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 80 and 160 mg/l) and yeast extract (YE) (0, 0.75 and 1.5 g/l) on chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, cichoric acid, cynarin and echinacoside production in Echinacea purpurea adventitious ...
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The present study aimed to develop a protocol for root induction and evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 80 and 160 mg/l) and yeast extract (YE) (0, 0.75 and 1.5 g/l) on chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, cichoric acid, cynarin and echinacoside production in Echinacea purpurea adventitious roots. Also, the effect of NH4NO3 (0, 0.25, 0.75, 1.0 X) concentration in MS medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1 and 3 mg/l) on root induction was investigated. The results showed that adventitious root induction in coneflower was significantly influenced by NH4NO3 and IAA concentrations (p≤0.01). The highest percentage of root induction (100%) and average number of roots formed on each explant (14.3 roots) was observed in 1 mg/l IAA×1/4NH4NO3 MS culture medium treatment. The main effect of SA and YE and their interaction effects with exposure time on the measured traits (except for echinacoside) was significant (p≤0.01). The result showed that application of 1.5 g/l YE and 160 mg/l SA when harvested 96 hour post-elicitation are the most effective treatments to elicit caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) content. The highest chlorogenic acid, cichoric acid, caftaric acid, and cynarin production was obtained in 160 mg/l SA at 96 hours post-elicitation that was 2.13, 1.83, 2.39 and 2.97-fold higher compared to control respectively. The heatmap diagram showed that the CADs content in SA and YE treatments was clearly separated from each other and control treatment.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Vahideh Gougerdchi; Ebrahim Dorani; Mostafa Valizadeh; Rustam Agazadeh
Abstract
Improving plant regeneration skills in tissue culture studies is critical not only for the efficient genetic transformation of commercial crops but also for scientific reports. SNP (Sodium nitroprusside) as a Nitric oxide (NO) donor, plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. In ...
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Improving plant regeneration skills in tissue culture studies is critical not only for the efficient genetic transformation of commercial crops but also for scientific reports. SNP (Sodium nitroprusside) as a Nitric oxide (NO) donor, plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. In this study, regeneration and plantlet development of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. was improved using optimized concentrations of plant growth regulators supplemented with sodium nitroprusside. According to the results, among 12 different combinations of plant growth regulators, the MS medium complemented with 2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg L-1 IAA had a maximum percentage of regeneration (84%). The highest stem length (4.6 cm) and leave number (7) were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg L-1 IAA. Adding of 10 μM sodium nitroprusside to the regeneration medium improved shoot regeneration efficiency (93%) and the number of shoots per explants (7.75). Furthermore, the maximum shoot growth mean, including stem length (11.8) and leaf number (11.2) were achieved on MS medium containing BAP (0.5 mg L-1), IAA (0.2 mg L-1), and 10 μM sodium nitroprusside. It was found that fewer adventitious roots and higher lateral roots were significantly developed in the medium containing IAA and SNP. Our findings indicated that adding SNP to the regeneration medium of L. esculentum Mill. improved shoot regeneration and plant development. This may overcome the problems in proliferation of the tomato plant.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Seyyed Mehdi Eshagi; Ebrahim Dorani; Rustam Aghazadeh
Abstract
To establish a highly efficient plant regeneration system for some Iranian wheat, this study was done. MS mediums supplemented with different combinations of 2, 4-D, NAA, Dicamba, and different combinations of Thidiazuron and BAP, were evaluated for callus induction and regeneration respectively. The ...
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To establish a highly efficient plant regeneration system for some Iranian wheat, this study was done. MS mediums supplemented with different combinations of 2, 4-D, NAA, Dicamba, and different combinations of Thidiazuron and BAP, were evaluated for callus induction and regeneration respectively. The results showed that the efficiency of mature embryo for tissue culture response was significantly influenced by the genotypes, the auxins types and concentrations. Medium supplemented with 2 mg/L Dicamba give the best response on callus inducing and also gave the highest rate of plant regeneration. Regeneration response mainly affected by auxins types and concentrations on callus induction medium. There was no significant effect of cytokinin treatments on regeneration properties. Three different organic compounds were used to improve callus induction and plant regeneration response of elite cultivars. The results showed that the Casein hydrolyzed at 3 g/L and Tryptone at 5 g/L had greatest impact on callus induction and plant regeneration of wheat respectively.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Hamidreza Sabaghi; Gholamreza Sharifi-Sirchi; Pejman Azadi; Mohamad Hossein Azimi
Abstract
The present study has been designed and executed to determine the best growth-regulating compound for callus induction as well as to specify the optimum dose of gamma irradiation in carnation cultivars (Tabasco, Nobless, Cameron, Tabor, Eskimo, and Mariposa). In this experiment, an MS culture medium ...
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The present study has been designed and executed to determine the best growth-regulating compound for callus induction as well as to specify the optimum dose of gamma irradiation in carnation cultivars (Tabasco, Nobless, Cameron, Tabor, Eskimo, and Mariposa). In this experiment, an MS culture medium was used to evaluate the various levels of growth regulator concentrations including NAA in four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mgl-1), 2,4-D in five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mgl-1), and BA in two levels (0.5 and 1 mgl-1). Irradiating the callus of leaf explants was carried out three weeks after cultivation at 0, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55-gray doses-to determine the optimum dose of gamma radiation. The analysis of data and illustration of graphs were carried out via Excel software and according to the obtained results, the radiation level that killed 50% of the calluses was selected as the optimum dose for further experiments. The results have indicated that all main effects and the interaction effects regarding the characteristics of callogenesis percentage and callus volume were significant at a probability level of 1%. Means were grouped using Duncan's multiple range test, revealing that the highest level of callus induction was in Eskimo cultivar with a 73% overall mean. Overall, the results indicate that 2 mgl-1 2,4-D, 0.5 mgl-1 BA is the best regulatory compound for callogenesis in carnation cultivars. Moreover, it was found that on average, the 25-gray dose leads to suitable results in the callus explants of all cultivars.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Shiva Shahi; Ali Izadi-Darbandi; Hossein Ramshini; Mehdi Younessi-hamzekhanlu
Abstract
Callus induction and regeneration of fennel from embryo explants were stabilized in the presence of cefotaxime antibiotic and different plant growth regulators (PGRs). The experiments were conducted under a factorial experiment, based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Genotypes; Fasa, Meshkinshar ...
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Callus induction and regeneration of fennel from embryo explants were stabilized in the presence of cefotaxime antibiotic and different plant growth regulators (PGRs). The experiments were conducted under a factorial experiment, based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Genotypes; Fasa, Meshkinshar and Hajiabad were applied under different concentration of cefotaxime (0 and 100 mg l-1), NAA (0 and 0.2 mg l-1), IAA (0 and 0.4 mg l-1) and BAP (0, 0.5 and 1mg l-1). Regeneration, proliferations and root induction were taken placed on studied media, after 35 days without sub-culturing. The highest rate of proliferation with 200 shoots per explant was observed on B5 medium, containing100 mg l-1 cefotaxime and 1.0 mg l-1 BAP. Callus induction and proliferations were observed in all media containing 100 mg l-1 cefotaxime that can be related to auxin like activity of cefotaxime in fennel tissue culture.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Soheila Moradi; Mohammadreza Azimi; Fariborz Habibi; Saied Saeed Pourdad
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the potential of nutrient-alginate encapsulation of shoot tips of sunflower, Helianthus annuus (hyb. Azargol) for synthetic seed technology, which could be useful in germplasm distribution and exchange. Shoot tips from in vitro shoot cultures derived from mature seed explants ...
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The present study demonstrates the potential of nutrient-alginate encapsulation of shoot tips of sunflower, Helianthus annuus (hyb. Azargol) for synthetic seed technology, which could be useful in germplasm distribution and exchange. Shoot tips from in vitro shoot cultures derived from mature seed explants were encapsulated in 3% sodium alginate and 100 mM CaCl2. 2H2O are supplemented with three different matrices (include distilled water, liquid MS medium and plant growth regulators) and they are stored for several periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) at 4°C. After each storage period for regeneration and regrowth evaluation, encapsulated and non-encapsulated shoot tips were cultured on hormone-free MS medium. The regrowth ability of encapsulated shoot tips affected by the storage duration and the presence or absence of MS nutrients in calcium alginate beads. Percentage response for the conversion of encapsulated and non-encapsulated shoot tips decreased gradually after storage at 4°C by increasing storage durations. Indeed, encapsulated vegetative propagules showed a higher resistance to storage at 4°C than non-encapsulated. Addition of MS nutrients in calcium alginate beads significantly improved encapsulated explants regrowth after storage periods.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Mehdi Younessi-Hamzekhanlu; Ali Izadi-Darbandi; Mohammad Ali Malboobi; Mohsen Ebrahimi
Abstract
Low-phosphorus (P) stress as a key factor limiting plant growth and production is common in most agricultural soils. Most of the soil-applied phosphate will be rapidly immobilized and most of annually applied phosphate fertilizers are fixed in the soil in organic forms by adsorption, sedimentation and ...
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Low-phosphorus (P) stress as a key factor limiting plant growth and production is common in most agricultural soils. Most of the soil-applied phosphate will be rapidly immobilized and most of annually applied phosphate fertilizers are fixed in the soil in organic forms by adsorption, sedimentation and transformation. However, excess P application may lead to contamination of water sources by enriching of water bodies with nutrients that cause eutrophication. Thus understanding the mechanisms that are used by plants to cope with low-P stress will be supportive to develop more competent breeding and genetic engineering schemes for generating improved phosphorus efficient crops. To cope with P deficiency and maintenance of phosphate homeostasis, plants have developed different adaptive mechanisms, including alterations in root morphology, recycling of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and induction of acid phosphatases (APases). To establish these strategies, numerous genes are involved in alternative metabolism pathways that are regulated by complex Pi signaling networks. In this review, we intend to summarize current advances in research on the mechanisms of P efficient crops and its breeding strategies, with a particular emphasis on APase and root architecture roles in response to low-P stress.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Mehdi Movahedi; Valiollah Ghasemi-Omran; Sepide Torabi
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate micropropagation possibility and determine the optimal medium composition and plant growth regulators (PGRs) combinations under in vitro conditions. The cotyledon and epicotyl explants obtained from 1 month old in vitro grown seedlings were used in MS ...
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The present study was carried out to investigate micropropagation possibility and determine the optimal medium composition and plant growth regulators (PGRs) combinations under in vitro conditions. The cotyledon and epicotyl explants obtained from 1 month old in vitro grown seedlings were used in MS medium containing BA (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg-1) and TDZ (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg-1) either alone or in combination with 0.5 mg-1 IBA. The response of cannabis explants to PGRs treatments was much different from those observed in most of plant species. That is, callus formation had priority over direct regeneration in most of the PGRs treatments. Comparing the two explants, cotyledon had higher callus formation frequency and the largest callus volume was obtained for this explant in MS medium supplemented with 3 mg-1 TDZ + 0.5 mg-1 IBA. The highest callus fresh weight (3.15 gr) was obtained for cotyledon explant treated with 2 mg-1 TDZ+ 0.5 mg-1 IBA. In shoot formation step, the highest rate of shoot regeneration was achieved in the calli produced from epicotyl explant treated with 2 mg-1 BA + 0.5 mg-1 IBA; and the highest length of regenerated shoots (1.23 cm) was observed in 2 mg-1 BA + 0.5 mg-1 IBA treatment. In general, cotyledon was the best explant and TDZ in combination with IBA was the best treatment for callus formation. Epicotyl explant also showed better regeneration compared to cotyledon.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Mehdi Younessi-Hamzekhanlu; Ali Izadi-Darbandi; Mohammad Ali Malboubi; Mohsen Ebrahimi
Abstract
Direct regenerations by using mature cotyledonary node as a explants has been shown to be time-saving and convenient strategy for micropropagation of soybean. So we have evaluated regeneration protocol through single shoot using cotyledonary node as a rapid and efficient protocol for two soybean cultivars ...
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Direct regenerations by using mature cotyledonary node as a explants has been shown to be time-saving and convenient strategy for micropropagation of soybean. So we have evaluated regeneration protocol through single shoot using cotyledonary node as a rapid and efficient protocol for two soybean cultivars and one mutant line. Cotyledonary nodes explants obtained from 7-days-old in vitro seedlings. After 28 days, the percent of regeneration and after 42 days, regeneration area were calculated. The results showed that percent of regeneration and regeneration area of mutant line was significantly more than two cultivars, L17 and Williams. After shoot induction, plants were transferred to shoot elongation medium followed by transferring plants to rooting medium. The results showed that the percent of rooting was not significantly affected by genotypes. In another experiment to test kanamycin sensitivity of regenerated shoots, it was found that kanamaycin with 150 mg/L concentration is lethal for regeneration of soybean shoots from cotyledonary node explants. The results showed that regeneration efficiency of mutant line was significantly more than two other cultivars. Kanamaycin sensitivity of regenerated shoots showed that kanamycin at 150 mg/L or above can be used as a selective agent for all three tested cultivars transformation.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Mahboubeh Davoudi Pahnekolayi; Leila Samiei; Ali Tehranifar; Mahmoud Shoor
Abstract
Dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is one of the most important ornamental and medicinal plants which are used as a rootstock for ornamental roses such as Rosa hybrid and Rosa floribunda. In vitro propagation of rose has a very important role in rapid multiplication of species with desirable traits and in production ...
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Dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is one of the most important ornamental and medicinal plants which are used as a rootstock for ornamental roses such as Rosa hybrid and Rosa floribunda. In vitro propagation of rose has a very important role in rapid multiplication of species with desirable traits and in production of healthy and disease-free plants. Micropropagation of Rosa canina L. was revised, using its nodal segments under different combinations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mgl⁻1), GA3 (0 and 0.5 mgl⁻1) and NAA (0 and 0.5 mgl⁻1) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Van der Salm medium (VS) in proliferation stage and using different combinations of NAA and IBA (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mgl⁻1) and ½ VS medium in rooting stage. The highest shoot proliferation was obtained on VS medium containing 2 mgl⁻1 BAP. Furthermore, the highest root induction obtained in ½ VS containing 0.6– 0.9 mgl⁻1 of NAA or IBA. The present study presents an in vitro protocol for R. canina.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Mahdieh Yousefiara; Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani; Abdolreza Bagheri; Aliakbar Habashi; Hamid Abdollahi
Abstract
Conventional methods of pear breeding, largely based on intra- and inter-specific hybridization, are difficult because pear is highly heterozygous, polygenic and has a long juvenile period. Genetic improvements of pear cultivars are possible through induction of mutations and gene transfer by genetic ...
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Conventional methods of pear breeding, largely based on intra- and inter-specific hybridization, are difficult because pear is highly heterozygous, polygenic and has a long juvenile period. Genetic improvements of pear cultivars are possible through induction of mutations and gene transfer by genetic engineering. A general prerequisite for these approaches is to establish an efficient plant regeneration system. In the present study, the effect of two basal media (MS and NN) and different concentrations of TDZ (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 μM) or BAP (0, 4, 8, 16 μM) in combination with NAA (1 μM) on direct shoot regeneration of two pear (Pyrus communis L.) genotypes 'Bartlett' and 'Dargazi' was investigated. The obtained results showed that 'Dargazi' had higher rates of shoot regeneration than 'Bartlett' and in both cultivars the highest percent of shoot regeneration was observed from lower sections of the leaves. Although the highest percent of shoot regeneration in 'Bartlett' (38%) was attained in the NN medium containing 2.5 µM TDZ and 1 µM NAA, the differences in shoot regeneration between this medium and the NN media containing 5 or 7.5 µM TDZ and 1 µM NAA were not significant. The highest percent of shoot regeneration in 'Dargazi' (56%) was obtained in NN medium containing 7.5 µm TDZ and 1 µm NAA. It can be concluded that genotypes, explant types and culture media composition could effect on direct shoot regeneration of pear.
Micropropagation & plant breeding
Abdoreza Bagheri; Vali Ollah Ghasemi Omraan; Samira Hatefi
Abstract
Establishment of an efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol is one of the basic prerequisites for genetic transformation of any crop plant. In vitro culture of lentil has proven to be difficult. In spite of a number of reports on the regeneration of this plant, very few satisfying and reproducible ...
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Establishment of an efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol is one of the basic prerequisites for genetic transformation of any crop plant. In vitro culture of lentil has proven to be difficult. In spite of a number of reports on the regeneration of this plant, very few satisfying and reproducible protocol has yet been reported. This study carried out for investigation of different hormone treatments and explants in order to establish a reproducible protocol for indirect in vitro regeneration of the cultivar Gachsaran (commonly grown in Iran). For this purpose, the effects of 13 different hormone treatments and 4 explants on callus induction and regeneration were studied. Callus with the highest fresh and dry weight was produced on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)and 1 mg/L Zeatin (medium E). Among the explants, decapitated embryos attached to 1/4 of the cotyledon (DEAC) produced callus with the highest fresh and dry weights. In the regeneration stage, calli induced on media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) alone or in combination with other hormones did not result in shooting or rooting responses. The highest shooting and rooting responses (75%) were observed for callus induction medium E, using decapitated embryos with a quarter of the cotyledon as the explant.